• Reference: P-Z1-CZ0-009
• Approval date: 13/12/1901
• Start date: 01/01/2002
• Appraisal Date: 01/12/2011
• Status: ApprovedAPVD
• Implementing Agency: MINISTRY OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE VETERINARY SERVICES DIRECTORATE(MULTIN)
• Location: North Western Kenya

1.Natural Resources ManagementComponent (UA 25.742)

(i)Construct/rehabilitate 24 water pans, 24 boreholes, 18 shallow wells, and 12 sub-surface dams.

(ii) Rehabilitate/expand 7 existing small scale irrigation scheme for a total area of 1530 ha.

(iii)Provide support to communities to improve management of the water and irrigation infrastructure.

2.Improvement of livestock infrastructure and Management Component (UA 12.763)

(i)Construction/upgrading of 24 livestock markets which would also be combined with disease surveillance activities;

(ii)Construction of 18 establishment of 18 fodder banks (haysheds) for storage hay at the individual and community levels;

(iii)Rehabilitation of 6 holding grounds and quarantine stations;

(iv)12 demonstrations of range re-seeding for pasture rehabilitation for a total of 600 ha in communal grazing lands using suitable forage and browse seeds

(v)Facilitate formation and training of community based groups to venture into income generating activities (IGA) within each district. The activities will focus on non-wood forest products, processing of agro-based commodities (in the irrigation schemes) and processing of livestock products. The activity would target mainly women IGA group.

3.Project Management and Capacity BuildingComponent (UA 3,294) The focus of this component is on both human and institutional capacity building to strengthen operational capabilities in the region. The activities will include:

(i) capacity building of relevant national institutions;

(ii) enhance community participation in the management of water, pasture and livestock marketing;

(iii) enhance market information systems;

(iv) contribute to and help in facilitating peace building and conflict management and mitigation using the strengthened national and regional institutions; and

(v) mitigation and adaptation to Climate Change.

The objective of the project is to enhance drought resilience and improve sustainable livelihoods of the communities in the arid and semi-arid lands of Kenya

The principal means of livelihoods in the HOA is pastoralism characterised by regular movements in search of pasture and water for the livestock. The HOA has diverse types of livestock populations which constitute approximately 55% of the total livestock in Africa - representing a significant economic potential. Despite the high number of livestock, the HOA has not been able to exploit the economic potential to the benefit of its population and remains one of the poorest regions in the world plagued by extreme poverty with major threats of chronic hunger and starvation. The major limiting factor to livelihoods in the HOA is inadequate water supply. The low rainfall status is made worse by losses due to run-off and the heavily degraded environment with minimum vegetation cover. The chances of drought occurring in parts of the region have increased from a probability of once in every six to eight years to a probability of once in every two-three years based on the data available for the past 50 years (from the early 1960s to the present). The limitations of the natural environment in the HOA place certain constraints on improving livelihoods and food security. Furthermore the recovery is often hampered by the occurrence of other natural disasters such as disease infestations and periodic flooding that destroy area-specific infrastructure and kill the remaining livestock that are usually too weak after the droughts.

The aforementioned shortcomings have subsequently left communities ill-prepared to cope with the natural disasters and thus highly vulnerable. This is evidenced by the debilitating impact of the severe drought of 2008-2011 which was exacerbated by poor infrastructure and insecurity. During that drought period over 12 million people were in dire need of emergency assistance in the HOA caused by water shortages, a 15-30% rise in livestock mortality and serious food insecurity problems. The crisis in the HOA has long and short-term implications. It threatened the lives of vulnerable sections of the society, especially young children and women who, are generally incapacitated and are unable to adequately fend for themselves. It also endangers the sustainability of the livestock industry, destroys hard-won development gains and threatens the future prospects of millions of people throughout the HOA.

In Kenya, an estimated 3.7 million people were in immediate need of food, clean water and basic sanitation and urgent short- and long-term interventions were needed to save lives and livelihoods. The GOK and development partners (EU, UN, WB and other partners) undertook a joint assessment of the impacts of the 2008-2011 drought period with the aim of developing a quantitative estimation of the impact of the drought on the socio-economic development of the country and recommendations for immediate recovery and long-term resilience building in the country. The outcome of the assessment was published in the Post Disaster Needs Assessment (PNDA) report.

The overall effects of the 2008-2011 drought in Kenya have been estimated at Ksh 968.6 billion (USD 12.1 billion). The livestock sector sustained a very significant share of the damage and losses. There were substantial deaths of domestic animals of different types to an estimated amount of Ksh 56.1 billion. The subsequent decline in production of meat, milk and other by-products together with the need to spend significant amounts in providing veterinary attention, water and feed for animals amounted to approximately Ksh 643.2 billion. This gives a total of damage and losses sustained by the livestock sector of Ksh 699.3 million.

The second most affected sector was agriculture where production of food and industrial crops reduced by an amount of Ksh 121.1 billion. In rural areas, individual family water systems sustained partial damage due to the lowering of the groundwater table and rural inhabitants were forced to collect water from far away sources. The social sectors of education, health and nutrition faced increased costs to provide the required services to the population.

The Rift Valley Province sustained the highest value of damage and losses totalling Ksh 437.3 billion (or 45% of the country total., followed by Eastern and Nyanza Provinces (Ksh 148.1 billion and Ksh 106.1 billion or 15% and 11% of the country total respectively). They are followed by North Eastern, Central and Western Provinces (8.8%, 8.6% and 7% of the country total respectively).

An assessment of the effects of the drought at the personal and household level the highest value of per capita damage occurred in the North Eastern Province, at an average of Ksh 4,667 per person. The second most affected were those in Eastern and Rift Valley provinces with ksh 2,710 and Ksh 2,341 per person with Western province a distant fourth (Ksh 1,107 per person). If the combination of damage and losses is considered then people living in the Rift Valley sustained the highest per capita impact at Ksh 43,699 per person. Inhabitants of North Eastern and Eastern Provinces were the second most affected showing average values of Ksh 36,211 and Ksh 26,130 per person respectively. Nyanza, Central and Western provinces follow in a third level of affectation (19,494, 18,856 and 15,351 respectively). The above figures illustrate the correlation between semi-arid and arid lands (ASALs) of the country and the higher values of per capita drought effects.

The highest values of per capita damage and losses occurred in provinces where the Human Development Index (HDI) is lowest. In other words, individuals with the lowest human development in the country - and the most vulnerable against disasters - have sustained the highest socio-economic impact caused by the drought. The above findings suggest that poverty may have been aggravated by the drought, especially in those provinces and districts that were most affected and that the country will now have to significantly increase its efforts to reduce poverty in the medium to long term.

On 9th September 2011 the Kenyan government convened the Summit of Heads of State and Government in the HOA in Nairobi to deliberate on the crisis in the region. The Summit came up with the Nairobi Strategy for Enhanced Partnership to Eradicate Drought Emergencies in the HOA. The heads of state and government stressed the need to move from reactive to preventive approaches to drought. This entails a continuum of relief, recovery, reconstruction, innovation and long-term development assistance to ensure drought resilience and food security. They agreed on a five prong approach including the creation and support of an IGAD-based Multi-donor Trust Fund for drought and other disasters.

The Government of Kenya is developing a ten-year programme for ending recurrent drought emergencies in the country. The programme has five interconnected elements: 1) providing sustainable livelihoods in drought-prone areas that can withstand climate change; 2) climate-proofed infrastructure connecting regions at risk with the rest of the country; 3) providing peace and security in the region; 4) investing more in human capital; and 5) easier and more efficient access to humanitarian relief when it is required. The proposed Bank assisted program and specifically the Kenya component blends well with the ten-year Kenya Country programme and will contribute to strategies 1, 2 and 4.

In order to better understand the challenges facing livestock communities in the Greater Horn of Africa, the Bank had also commissioned a Regional Study on Sustainable Livestock Development in the Greater Horn of Africa from 2008 - 2010. The results of the study were validated at workshop held in Djibouti in September 2011. The major challenges identified by the study included: (1) under-developed water resources in the region; (2) poorly developed and poorly managed marketing infrastructure and marketing systems that hamper production and productivity; (3) poorly managed and under-developed pasture, and degraded land and the environment; (4) poor and in some cases lack of policy, legal and institutional frameworks to manage agricultural production, particularly the livestock component; while some of the existing policies, legal and institutional structures are incoherent and quite uncoordinated; and (5) inter-community and regional conflicts that negatively affect livelihoods in the region.

To avoid the recurrence of severe water shortages and food crises in the HOA, there is need to address the root causes of vulnerability in the ASALs of this region. It is against this background that the Bank has launched an initiative to help address the key challenges to sustainable livestock production and livelihoods in the region, and help build the resilience and stability of the pastoral communities in the HOA. Based on the outcome of the Regional Study on Sustainable Livestock Development in the Greater Horn of Africa, the Bank is proposing a regional programme covering the GHA which would contribute to supporting interventions which would contribute to make communities in the HOA cope with drought better.

MEND Alex Fred - OSAN1

Finance source	Amount
Delta	UAC 37,410,000
Total	UAC 37,410,000