• Référence: P-ET-E00-006
• Date d’approbation: 21/12/2005
• Date de début: 21/08/2006
• Date d'évaluation: 22/06/2005
• Statut: En coursOnGo
• Agence d'implémentation: MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES
• Emplacement: 120 Woredas in all 9 Regions

Programme Components include:

A)Water Supply: Provision of new and rehabilitation of existing water supply services and livestock watering troughs where required based on the Demand Responsive Approach. Technology choices for water supply will range from hand dug wells, drilled wells, protected springs, boreholes, gravity schemes, water harvesting, sub-surface dams, small piped systems, and pumping systems (hand pumps, motorized, solar or windmill pumps). Based on an estimate of about 250 persons per water scheme, it is expected that 23,000 new water points will be constructed, and about 1,550 existing ones rehabilitated.

B)Sanitation: Provision of latrine facilities for schools, health centres, communal latrines in crowded settlement area, and demonstration latrines for associations, cooperatives and communities; and conduct of hygiene and health education campaign for 8.4 million people. Sanitation options will be limited to on-site sanitation systems, mostly improved traditional latrines with sanplats and VIP latrines for individual households or communal latrines for institutions and rural growth centres. About 10,000 demonstration latrines in communities and 6,900 public/communal latrines in schools, clinics and rural growth centres will be constructed under the programme.

C)Capacity Building: Beneficiary communities will be sensitised about the Programme, including procedures to apply for assistance (technical and financial), the need to contribute to capital and O&M costs. communities will also be assisted to establish Water Sanitation and Hygiene Committees (WASHCOMS) consisting of at least 3 women out of the 7 members, opening and operating bank accounts, provided training in water management, operation and maintenance; Capacity building at MOWR, MOH, Regional Water Bureaus, Regional Health Bureaus, Woreda Water Desks and Woreda Health Desks for carrying out their responsibilities under the Programme. Woredas will also be assisted to establish Woreda RWSS programmes and WWDs will be provided with and trained in the use of water testing kits for monitoring water quality as well as dip meters to monitor groundwater levels in their areas at frequencies in line with EPA requirements; Capacity building for Woreda Support Groups (WSG), Local Service Providers (LSP), Community Facilitation Teams (CFT) and Health Extension Workers (HEW), and spare parts suppliers for development of supply chains; Capacity building for artisans to provide training to prepare them for carrying out very small works like well digging, spring development, hand pump installation and maintenance, etc. Artisans will also be provided with basic tools/equipment required for their trade.

D)Programme Support: involves the inputs of the staff of the federal and local government institutions for the implementation of the Programme. These are MOWR, MOH, RWBs, RHBs, WWDs, WHDs and Woreda Administrations. It includes salaries and allowances, office rental, office equipment, setting up of a database, and other logistical support. It includes provision of Technical Assistance in the form of Procurement and Financial Management experts as well as other rural water supply and sanitation experts at MOWR, MOH, RWB and RHBs as required. Programme support also includes the annual technical and financial audits, part of the monitoring and evaluation costs and the cost for the annual review meetings involving all stakeholders. It also includes the cost of a Water Engineer based at the PCU who will provide implementation support to the programme. Programme support includes an allocation of funds for some studies to be undertaken as required during programme implementation.

To improve access to rural water supply and sanitation services in Ethiopia to reduce poverty and enhance productivity.

The Programme has adopted the Demand Responsive Approach (DRA), which provides communities with the opportunity to make informed choices about the types and levels of services they want and can afford, gives them ownership and responsibility for the management, operation and maintenance of the selected option, thus more likely to be sustainable.

Consistent with this approach, the Programme does not dwell on identifying sub-projects up-front but leaves the decision primarily to the communities assisted by local service providers. The Programme focuses on putting in place an institutional and financing mechanisms, with criteria that would allow community requests to be evaluated in a transparent manner, prioritised and funded, while implementation agents will also be procured in a transparent fashion. The Bank's interventions will utilise the existing institutional arrangements and the Implementation Manuals developed for the national programme. Hygiene education will use publicity and training materials developed jointly by the Ministry of Health and UNICEF for scaling up. It will also address the links between water quality and health, pollution of water at source and during transportation and storage, etc. as well as generating demand for sanitation services.

The process will involve reviewing community requests, selecting sub-projects based on agreed criteria as per the operations manuals, designing new services to meet community demands, procuring contractors and implementing the works and handing over to the beneficiary communities. Choices will be based on the effective demand of the communities taking into account their ability to operate and maintain the services and on technical, financial and economic feasibility. These criteria will include:- affordability, adequacy, quality of service, acceptability, ease of O&M, and proximity of service. technology choices will range from hand dug and drilled wells to small piped and pumping systems. Many regions already have long lists of sub-projects, which have been identified and will be subjected to the same selection criteria as per the implementation manuals.

The Programme design has also taken into account lessons from the Bank's past interventions and those emerging from ongoing projects, as well as the experience of other donors. In particular, the ongoing decentralization programme has compounded the capacity limitations in the regions and Woredas, where project activities are being implemented. It has also contributed to delays in the consolidation and submission of accounts and reporting. Hence a lot of emphasis will be placed on capacity building in the early phase of programme implementation to strengthen capacity at the regional and Woreda level, in areas such as accounting and financial management, procurement, and auditing. The procurement packaging will favour national competition and extensive use of post-review while disbursements will favour the use of Special Accounts. To ensure adherence to the Bank's fiduciary requirements, there will be frequent technical and financial audits.

The Programme takes into account the institutional capacity constraints as well as planned and on-going interventions of other donors. Taking into account the capacity constraints within the local government set-up, programme implementation will also involve NGOs who have sourced their own funding.

Currently, while a number of suppliers of pumps exist in the country, most spares are not always available in the remotely located communities. Through market-based approaches, the Programme will promote standardization of a few models, which will ease the choice of models to stock and support the development of supply chains. Problems of low capacity of contractors will be addressed by training and assisting artisans to organise themselves into small teams of Local Service P roviders to carry out works like well digging, and packaging the procurement of some of the works to attract the bigger contractors.

The programme approach will also help ensure faster implementation. The use of national procurement documents for most of the NCB packages and Post Review procedures for small contract packages, while increased use of disbursement via Special Accounts will minimize procurement and disbursement delays experienced in the past. The move towards the Demand Responsive Approach, with communities involved in making informed choices about the type of schemes and agreeing up front to take responsibility for their operation and maintenance, coupled with the easy access to spare parts at the local level, would help reduce the very high levels of non-functioning schemes, currently estimated at about 33%.

Ethiopia has a population of 71 million, growing at 2.4% per annum, 84.3% or 59.9 million of whom live in rural areas (communities with population of less than 2000 inhabitants). However, only 24% of the rural population has access to adequate water supply only 8% to adequate sanitation. The national Short-Term Programme (STP), which covers the period 2005-2007, will benefit the 8.5 million rural population in Ethiopia without access to adequate water supply and sanitation services. However, through the Bank's financing 1.8 million people will benefit from water supply facilities and 2.0 million people will benefit from the sanitation program.

Other beneficiaries include the federal and local government institutions whose capacity will be enhanced; artisans who will be trained and assisted to establish companies; and the entrepreneurs who will benefit from selling spare parts.

The STP will generate positive impacts that will enhance the livelihood and well-being of the target population. Readily accessible potable and affordable water for domestic use, especially to the rural population has been proven by many studies to have a direct impact on human health and indirectly on labour productivity. Equitable and readily available water will also reduce drudgery of women and children who are usually responsible for collecting water in rural areas. It has been found that the average load carried per trip by an adult is 21 litres and the average trip (two-way) time for fetching water is 6 hours, including 30 minutes of waiting time.

Furthermore, per capita consumption in rural areas will increase from 10 litres/person/day to 20 lit/person/day. Travel times o fetch water is also expected to decrease from 3 hours on average to 1 hour. Hence the burden of fetching water by women and children will be significantly reduced. The provision of water supply and sanitation services will also impact positively on the other MDGs, such as reducing poverty, improving health and access to education, and promoting gender equity.

The economic analysis of the STP, has been prepared under "with" and "without" project scenarios based on estimates of the costs and benefits that would accrue to various sectors as a result of the interventions to improve water and sanitation services in Ethiopia's rural areas. The analysis also takes into account the impact of the project on the health and education sectors, as well as productivity and income effects to rural households. Gains related to fewer deaths are recognised but have not been included in the analysis due to lack of data. The STP posts an Economic Net Present Value (ENPV) of ETB 2.82 billion and Economic Rate of Return (EIRR) at 38%. Being significantly higher than the 10% discount rate, which is the proxy opportunity cost of capital in Ethiopia, these results indicates that the project is economically viable.

The analysis also shows that the benefits are mainly attributable to time savings for households (64% of total estimated benefits) stemming from the convenience of having better access to water and sanitation services. This is followed by direct benefits (22% of total benefits) accruing from incremental water and sanitation services provided. Significant health sector benefits, in the form of health sector cost savings and patient costs saved (11.4%), and education sector cost savings (2.2%) are also derived from the STP. The analysis further indicates that the interventions under the STP are cost effective, with the return on ETB 1 investment estimated at ETB 12. These results are generally consistent with WHO regional and global estimates.

MENKIR Teferi - OWAS2

Source	Montant
FAD	UAC 43.610.000
Governement	UAC 56.396.000
Co-financier	UAC 80.364.000
Total	UAC 180.370.000